Adjective Order

1. Andrea had a ________ in her hair yesterday.

 nice yellow bow
 yellow nice bow
 bow nice yellow

2. She lost a ________ .

 small white cat
 cat small white
 white small cat

3. I bought ________ oranges.

 great some big
 big great some
 some great big

4. We met ________ people at the conference.

 very smart two
 two very smart
 very two smart

5. The clown was wearing a ________ hat.

 big green-yellow
 big green and yellow
 yellow and green big

6. The cookies that you ________ .

 smell delicious baked
 baked smell delicious
 delicious smell baked

7. Is it ________ ?

 cold getting outside
 getting cold outside
 getting outside cold

8. The course you are ________ .

 taking sounds interesting
 sounds interesting taking
 interesting sounds taking

9. My uncle wore a ________ to the wedding.

 silk blue tie
 tie blue silk
 blue silk tie

10. Have you met that _____ next door?

 cute boy new
 cute new boy
 new boy cute

1. He was wearing a ________ shirt.
  dirty old flannel
  flannel old dirty
  old dirty flannel

2. Pass me the ________ cups.
  plastic big blue
  big blue plastic
  big plastic blue

3. All the girls fell in love with the ________ teacher.
  handsome new American
  American new handsome
  new handsome American

4. I used to drive ________ car.
  a blue old German
  an old German blue
  an old blue German

5. He recently married a ________ woman.
  young beautiful Greek
  beautiful young Greek
  beautiful Greek young

6. This is a ________ movie.
  new Italian wonderful
  wonderful Italian new
  wonderful new Italian

7. She is a ________ supermodel.
  beautiful slim Brazilian
  Brazilian beautiful slim
  slim Brazilian beautiful

8. It's in the ________ container.
  large blue metal
  blue large metal
  blue metal large

9. He sat behind a ________ desk.
  big wooden brown
  big brown wooden
  wooden big brown

10. She gave him a ________ vase.
  small Egyptian black
  black Egyptian small
  small black Egyptian

Concordance

Concordance (Agreement) adalah persesuaian antara subjek dengan predikatnya.

Contoh:

• Alex works hard every day. (work harus ditambah “s” karena subjeknya orang ketiga tunggal - Alex).
• This ruler is long. (is menunjukkan subjek tunggal).
• The boy was very exhausted.
• She has written a letter today.

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Beberapa Kaidah Dalam Agreements

A. Agreement Antara Subjek dan Kata Kerjanya

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Apabila subjek-nya plural (jamak), maka kata kerjanya harus juga plural.

• They are very happy today.
• The boys often come late on Mondays.
• We have studied hard to pass the exam.

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Apabila subjeknya singular (tunggal), maka kata kerjanya harus juga singular.

• He learns French every day.
• A car has been stolen.
• He is very happy.

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Apabila dua subjek atau lebih dihubungkan dengan "and", maka kata kerjanya harus plural.

• The president and the prime minister are having a meeting now.
• Jack and Henry usually go to school by bus.
• My brother and I take a final exam.
• My parents were at your house yesterday.

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Apabila dua kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai subjek dihubungkan dengan "and", dan menunjukkan singular person atau membentuk sebuah kesatuan makna, maka subjek tersebut berarti singular; oleh karena itu kata kerjanya harus juga singular.

• Thruth and honesty is the best policy.
• The poet and statesman is coming here.

Catatan:

Apabila sebelum "statesmen" ada "the", maka berarti plural, oleh karena itu kata kerjanya harus plural yaitu "are". Jadi,

• The poet and the statesman are coming here.
• Bread and butter is served for our breakfast.
• The stars and stripes flies overhead.

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Apabila subjek adalah Collective Noun, singular dalam bentuknya, tetapi yang dimaksudkan plural, maka verb-nya harus juga plural, dan sebaliknya jika yang dimaksudkan singular maka verb-nya harus juga singular.

Beberapa contoh Collective Noun:

• congress, family, group, class, organization, team, army, committee, government, jury, club, public, dll

Contoh:

• The committee were unable to agree. (Maksud dari kalimat ini berarti untuk masing-masing anggota, maka kata kerjanya harus jamak).
• The soccer team wins the tournament. (Subjek kalimat ini menjadi satu kesatuan makna, bukan perseorangan, maka kata kerjanya harus tunggal).
• The family have to give their vote. (jamak)
• The jury agrees on a verdict. (tunggal)

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Apabila dua atau lebih subjek kalimat yang tunggal digabungkan dengan:

• either ... or
• neither ... nor
• not only ... but also

Maka verb-nya menyesuaikan dengan subjek yang disebut di akhir, bukan di awal.

Contoh:

• Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach.
• Either John or his friends are very busy today.
• Not only Robert but also my parents are in the office.
• Neither my brothers nor Bob is going to class today.
• Either my parents or his friend is busy today.
• Not only my friends but also my cousin is in the office.

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Apabila kita menjumpai frasa atau kalimat yang diapit oleh "koma, maka anggap saja frasa atau kalimat itu tidak ada dan tidak mempengaruhi kata kerja sesudahnya.

• of - together with - from - accompanied by - with - in addition to - between - along with - among - as well as - including

Contoh:

• Bambang, as well as his two cousin, calls me every day. (as well as his two cousin dianggap tidak ada). Jadi sepertinya kalimat aslinya adalah : Bambang calls me every day.
• My two aunts, along with their cat, visit me on Sunday. (=My two aunts visit me on Sunday)
• New York, together with 47 other states, votes for president. (= New York votes for president)
• Mr. Hunt, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight. (=Mr Huntn is arriving tonight)

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Apabila Indefinite Pronouns berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya selalu singular.

• each - somebody - anything - everybody - someone - everything - everyone - no one - another - anyone - nothing - either - anybody - much - neither - dll.

Contoh:

• Each (of the men) was irrited with his work.
• Everybody here knows the importance of English.
• Nobody works harder than John does.
• Either is likely to be fired.
• Either of the available seats is very close to the stage.

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Apabila Pronouns berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya harus selalu dalam bentuk plural.

• both - few - many - others - several

Contoh:

• Several were present at the meeting but few spoke.
• Many people write a good novel.
• Others have tried this lock but no one has succeeded.
• Many are calleA but few are chosen.
• Both were anxious to receive the award.

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Apabila Collective Noun yang menunjukkan waktu, uang, ukuran, dan lain-lain dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan, maka predikatnya (verb) selalu singular, tetapi bila dipandang sebagai unit-unit yang terpisah, maka predikatnya (verb) harus plural.

Contoh:

• Seven years is along time for famine. (singular)
• Two mile is too much to run in one day. (singular)
• Three days is not enough to complete the project. (singular)
• These last three weeks have been full of surprise. (plural)
• There are fifty one bills in this envelope. (plural)
• Ninety people are registered for this course. (plural)

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Apabila Indefinite Pronouns berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya dapat dalam bentuk singular atau plural, tergantung dari kata benda yang terletak sesudah "of".

• all - none - enough - most - a lot - any - some - more - part

most of the	+	Plural Countable Nouns	+	Plural Verbs
some of the
part of the
all of the

Contoh:

• Half of the pies are left.
• Part of the books are interesting.
• Are all of the bales of cotton ready to be shipped?
• All of the women have brought gifts.

most of the	+	Singular Uncountable Nouns	+	Singular Verbs
some of the
part of the
all of the

Contoh:

• All of the gasoline has been sold.
• Half of the pie is left.
• Part of the book was interesting.
• Most of the money was saved.

Keterangan:

None dan No : Dapat diikuti oleh singular atau plural, tergantung pada noun yang mengikutinya.

• None of the conterfeit money has been found.
• None of the students have finished the exam yet.
• No example is difficult for you.
• No teachers go on strike.

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"a number of + Plural Nouns + Singular Verbs" dan "the number of + Plural Nouns + Plural Verbs"

Contoh:

• The number of people in the room is ninety-two.
• A number of people have enrolled this course.
• A large number of applicants are already here.
• The number of days in a week is seven.

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Apabila kata-kata berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya selalu tunggal.

• clothing - economics - equipment - scenery - mumps - news - Philippines - furniture - behaviour - knowledge - traffic - ethics - civics - athletics - dll

Contoh:

• The news is important.
• Economics was widely used.
• Knowledge is power.
• Statistics was my favorite subject in college.

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Apabila kata-kata (noun) berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya selalu dalam bentuk plural.

• belongings - proceeds - tactics - clothes - remains - thanks - goods - riches - wages
• pants - scissors - trousers - pliers - suds - tongs - shorts - jeans - glasses

Contoh:

• These scissors cut through heavy cardboard.
• Tim's clothes are on the bed; his pants, however, are in the closet.
• My new pliers grip firmly.
• The tactics she employed were highly effective.

Gunakan "a pair of" (sepasang), untuk mengubah kata-kata di atas menjadi Singular.

Contoh:

• A pair of pants is in the drawer.
• The pair of pliers was on the table.
• This pair of scissors is dull.

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Beberapa Noun berikut ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan group/kelompok hewan tertentu yang mempunyai kesamaan dalam jenisnya, sehingga dianggap singular, maka verb-nya harus singular.

• flock of birds, sheep school of fish, herd of cattle, pack of dogs, pride of lions, troop of lions, dll.

Contoh:

• The herd of cattle is breaking away.
• The school of fish is being attached by sharks.
• The flock of birds is circling overhead.

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Apabila "every", "many a" dan "each" digunakan sebelum subjek, maka verb-nya selalu singular.

Contoh:

• Every boy and girl on the team is a top student.
• Many a worker looks forward to the weekend.
• Each window and door was locked securely.

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Apabila sebuah kalimat dimulai dengan gerund (verb + ing), maka verb-nya selalu singular.

Contoh:

• Not studying has caused him many problem.
• Writting many letters makes he happy.
• Dancing is very pupular today.

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"Here" dan "There" bukan tergolong subjek. subjek kalimat yang diawali dengan "here" dan "there" terletak sesudah verb-nya, maka verb-nya harus menyesuaikan dengan subjek yang ada.

Contoh:

• Here is your book.
• Here are your books.
• There has been an increase in the import of foreign cars.
• There are soldiers in the battle field.

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Kata benda berikut ini berasal dari bahasa Latin dan dalam bentuk plural, maka verb-nya selalu plural.

• alumni - larvae - radii - criteria - alumnae - minutiae - stimuli - data - agenda - phenomena - synopses - vertebrae

Contoh:

• Your criteria are valid for judging these data.
• The alumni of Oxford University come to the meeting.

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Bila suatu bilangan pecahan atau persentase digunakan sebagai subjek, maka verbnya dapat berbentuk singular atau plural, tergantung pada kata benda yang terletak sesudah "of".

Contoh:

• Two-fifths of our profits go to reinvestment.
• Three-fourths of the house is now ready.
• Fifty percent of his crop is soy beans.
• Twenty-five percent of the students work after school.

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Bila subjek kalimat berupa judul buku, artikel, film, drama dan lain-lain, dan nama perusahaan, negara Berta organisasi, maka predikat (verb-nya) selalu singular meskipun kelihatannya subjek itu plural.

Contoh:

• The immigrants is a fine Bergman film.
• The Netherlands is located in Western Europe.
• Passages, by Gail Sheeky, won the best seller list for months.
• General Motors Company has declared a deviden.
• The Girl Scouts has its headquaters near my office.

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Bila subjek berupa Frasa Kata Depan, maka predikatnya menyesuaikan dengan kata yang terletak sebelum "of".

Contoh:

• The study of languages is very interesting.
• Several theories on this subject have been proposed.
• The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.
• The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.
• The effects of that crimes are likely to be devastating.
• The cost of new houses is rising every day.

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Bila subjek kalimatnya berupa kata sifat yang ditambah dengan "the", maka predikat (verb)-nya selalu dalam bentuk plural.

Contoh:

• The unemployed are losing hope.
• The poor are trying to find the aid.
• The rich have collected money for the blind.

Paralellism

Verb Forms

Olympic athletes usually like practicing, competing, and to eat ice cream sandwiches.

In this sentence, practicing and competing are gerunds (verbs functioning as nouns) and “to eat” is an infinitive. It sounds pretty awkward—just like being an athlete with a sweet tooth.

Instead:

Olympic athletes usually like practicing, competing, and eating ice cream sandwiches.

or

Olympic athletes usually like to practice, compete, and eat ice cream sandwiches.

Note that you don’t need to repeat the “to” in each instance of the infinitive form of the verb. As long as the form of the verb is the same in all three cases, you’re good to go.

Nouns vs. Verbs

For dinner we like lamb chops and to fry brussel sprouts.

Lamb chops is a noun. Brussel sprouts is a noun too, but to fry is a verb. Tsk tsk.

For dinner we like lamb chops and brussel sprouts.

or

For dinner we like to grill lamb chops and fry brussel sprouts.

Delicious.

Noun Number

Public transit such as buses or a train can help reduce air pollution.

Multiple buses, one train? That’s not going to solve any environmental issues. Here’s a better solution:

Public transit such as buses or trains can help reduce air pollution.

More Mismatched Parts of Speech

The detective deftly and with pizzazz outlined how the crime had been committed.

What’s the adverb of “pizzazz”? Great question. Both deftly (adverb) and with pizzazz (a prepositional phrase) need to be the same part of speech for this sentence to be properly parallel. And if “pizzazzilly” isn’t a word, that means two nouns are needed.

With deftness and pizzazz, the detective outlined how the crime had been committed.

Subject Matter

He decided to cover the gown in sequins, and had a steak for dinner.

Huh? Unless being a fabulous designer is a recipe for steak, these two actions don’t seem to have much in common. Parallelism in subject matter means that everything discussed in a sentence should have at least some amount of clarity and relatedness.

He decided to cover the gown in sequins, and to celebrate, he had a steak for dinner.

or

He was hungry after he covered the gown in sequins, so he had a steak for dinner.

The possible connections are endless, but for proper parallelism, that connection must be clear to the reader.

1. When Delores realized that her father had made lima beans and rice for dinner, she __________, claimed to feel nauseous, and excused herself from the table. The bag of stale popcorn in her room would tide her over until breakfast.

Aclutched her stomachBdid clutch her stomachCwas clutching her stomach

2. Not only did Hank despise the way June chewed with her mouth open, _________ finding her wet towels all over the bathroom floor.

Abut also dislikingBbut he also dislikedCbut also disliked

3. To protect her delicate hands, Fran will not rake the yard, do the dishes, or __________.

Ascrub the bathtubBwon't scrub the bathtubCrefuses to scrub the bathtub

4. When Diane takes her beagle for a walk, Santana enjoys sniffing for edible garbage, __________, and lunging at squirrels.

Ashe howls at bicyclistsBhowls at bicyclistsChowling at bicyclists

5. After Amanda cashes her paycheck, the money goes to her savings account, cappuccino fund, and __________.

Atoward her credit card balanceBpaying her credit card billCcredit card balance

6. In preparation for her run, Alicia __________, applied sunscreen, and increased the volume on her iPod.

Atightened her shoelacesBdid tighten her shoelacesCwas tightening her shoelaces

7. We searched the car trunk, __________, and the top of the refrigerator, but we could not find the box of cornflakes that we remember buying.

Alooked on the pantry shelvesBon the pantry shelvesCthe pantry shelves

8. Bonkers, our ninety pound golden retriever, chews on furniture, __________, and snots up the car windows—inconveniences we didn't anticipate when we adopted him.

Ahe drags us around the neighborhood during walksBdrags us around the neighborhood during walksCwould drag us around the neighborhood during walks

9. Belinda saw very little of the horror movie, for she shut her eyes __________, when she heard the monster's footsteps in the dead leaves, and when characters started screaming.

Awhile listening to the violins playBduring the violin musicCwhen the violins began to play

10. In Mrs. Curall's office, Ruben feigned the flu. He hoped to be excused from class, get an extension on his paper, and __________.

Aspend the afternoon playing tennis with his friendsBto spend the afternoon playing tennis with his friendsCthen to spend the afternoon playing tennis with his friends