Parts Of Speech

8 Part Of Speech

1. Noun (Kata Benda)

Part of speech ini berfungsi untuk menamai orang, tempat, benda, atau ide. Umumnya, noun didahului oleh partikel a, an,dan the.  Noun juga dapat berbentuk singular atau plural dan konkrit atau abstrak. Dalam suatu kalimat, noun dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek, objek langsung, objek tidak langsung, pelengkap subjek, atau objek dari suatu preposisi.

Contoh:

The teacher brought some foods for the class because all students in the class passes  the final exam.

2. Pronoun (Kata Ganti Benda)

Part of speech ini digunakan sebagai kata ganti noun dalam suatu kalimat. Pronoun umumnya berfungsi agar tidak terjadi pengulangan kata  yang dapat menghasilkan kalimat yang panjang dan tidak lazim.

Kalimat tanpa Pronoun	Kalimat dengan Pronoun
Beyonce held a concert last week in Jakarta. Although Beyonce felt exhausted due to long flight, Beyonce was still very excited to visit Jakarta for the first time. Nevertheless, Beyonce promised to visit Jakarta again when Beyonce had the opportunity.	Beyonce held a concert last week in Jakarta. Although she felt exhausted due to long flight, she was still very excited to visit Jakarta for the first time. Nevertheless, she promised to visit Jakarta again when she had the opportunity.

Dari contoh di atas, noun adalah Beyonce dan pronoun yang menggantikannya adalah she. Noun yang digantikan oleh suatu pronoun disebut antecedent.

Terdapat 6 (enam) jenis pronoun:

Personal pronoun Sebagai pengganti orang, tempat, atau benda secara spesifik.	I, you, we, they, he, she, it, Me, you, us, them, him, her, it.
Indefinite Pronoun Sebagai pengganti orang, tempat, atau benda secara umum .	Anyone, anything, nobody, nothing, another, each, any, both, few many, several, etc.
Possesive Pronoun Sebagai pengganti benda kepunyaan.	Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs.
Reflexive Pronoun Sebagai penekanan independensi aksi.	Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Relative Pronoun Untuk memulai suatu klausa yang mengacu pada kata benda dalam suatu kalimat.	That, who, which, whom, what, whose, whoever, whomever, whose.
Demonstrative Pronoun Untuk mengindikasikan orang, tempat, atau benda spesifik.	This, that, these, those.

3. Verb (Kata Kerja)

Part of speech bentuk ini wajib ada dalam suatu kalimat untuk menunjukkan apa yang subjek lakukan atau apa subjek itu sendiri. Terdapat tiga jenis verb, yaitu:

Action Verb Untuk menunjukkan apa yang sedang subjek lakukan (what the subject does) yang dapat berupa aksi fisik atau mental.	Make, create, eat, push, realize, think, etc. Aksi fisik She eates yogurt every morning. Aksi mental: They realize that it is impossible to go out tonight due to heavy rain.
Linking Verb Untuk menunjukkan apa suatu subjek itu sendiri (what the subject is) dibandingkan apa yang subjek lakukan (what the subject does). To be termasuk dalam linking verb. Selain itu, terdapat juga linking verb yang berguna untuk mengekspresikan lima indera kita, yang esensinya mempunyai fungsi yang sama dengan to be.	To be 1st Person (I, We) 2nd Person (You) 3rd Person (She, He, It, They) Present am, are are is, are Past was, were were was, were Participle been been been Contoh: Audry is proud of her achievements. Seem, look, feel, taste, sound, appear. Contoh: Audry feels proud of her achievements. Become, remain, grow Contoh: Audry becomes proud of her achievements.
Helping Verb Muncul dengan verb utama untuk memberikan makna yang lebih jelas. Biasanya dibutuhkan dalam tenses selain simple present atau simple past.	Have, has, had Contoh: They have greeted us. To be: am, are, is, was, were, been Contoh: She is working on a special project. Do, does, did Contoh: He certainly does enjoy playing game. Will, shall Contoh: We will endure this hardships. Would, could, should, can, may, might, used to, have to, must, etc. Contoh: I should work harder.

4. Adjective (Kata Sifat)

Adalah suatu kata yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan atau memodifikasi noun atau pronoun.  Biasanya terletak sebelum noun atau pronoun. Namun, dapat juga terletak sesudah linking verb yang berhubungan dengan indera (seem, taste). Untuk satu noun atau pronoun, dapat terdapat lebih dari satu adjective.

Contoh part of speech bentuk ini: old, young, smart, yellow,

The young man lives in an old house. Everyday, he rides his yellow bicycle to go to his school which is full of smart people.

5. Adverb

Adalah part of speech yang biasanya digunakan untuk menggambarkan atau memodifikasi suatu kata kerja  (verb), kata sifat (adjective), atau adverb lainnya. Namun, tidak pernah mendeskripsikan suatu kata benda (noun). Biasanya menjawab pertanyaan how, when, where, why, under what conditions, atau to what degree. Biasanya suatu adjective yang berakhir dengan partikel –ly, seperti deeply, extremely, happily, fairly, etc. Tetapi, terdapat juga adverb yang tidak berasal dari adjective seperti very, somewhat,only, quite, etc.

Adverb memodifikasi verb	They walk quickly but orderly in the field. She ended her relationship amicably.
Adverb memodifikasi adjective	We were extremely happy to hear it. Parents are often neglected by their children when the children are very busy.
Adverb memodifikasi adverb lainnya	My mother drives very carefully and it is somewhat frustrating to wacth.

6. Preposition (Preposisi)

Adalah suatu part of speech yang berada sebelum noun atau pronoun untuk membentuk suatu frasa yang memodifikasi kata lainnya dalam suatu kalimat. Oleh karena itu, preposisi selalu menjadi bagian dari suatu frasa preposisi. Hampir selalu berfungsi sebagai adjective atau adverb.

Beberapa contoh preposisi adalah sebagai berikut:

About Above Across After Against Along Among Around As At Before behind

Below Beneath Beside Between Beyond By Down During Except For From in

Into Inside Like near Of Off Out On Outside Over Past Through Throughout

To Toward Under Undeneath Unlike Until Up Upon With Within Without Etc.

Contoh:

The fight broke out during the lunch.

The book is on the table.

She went to cinema with her parents.

7. Conjunction (Kata Penghubung)

Part of speech yang ini berfungsi untuk menghubungkan kata, frasa, atau klausa dan juga untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara elemen kalimat yang dihubungkan. Terdapat beberapa jenis conjunction, yaitu:

Coordinating Conjuction Untuk menghubungkan elemen dengan ciri grammar yang setara.	For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Contoh: Reading and writing are the two activities I like the most. (Reading dan writing adalah gerund)
Correlative Conjunction Untuk menghubungkan elemen dengan ciri grammar yang setara tetapi katanya selalu berpasangan.	As…as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or Contoh: We must finish the task as soon as possible.
Subordinating Conjunction Untuk menghubungkan subordinate clause dan independent clause.	After, although, as, because, whereas, unless, if, in order that, since, until, where, etc. Contoh: Although it seems hard, we should keep trying to achieve our goals.
Adverbial Conjunction Untuk mengindikasikan hubungan antara kalimat (sentence) dan independent clause.	Moreover, furthermorem nevertheless, however, therefore, etc. Contoh: Coffee can be used to keep awake. However, overconsumption is not good for our health.

8. Interjection

Part of speech bentuk ini adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengekspresikan tingkat emosi yang berbeda. Secara tata bahasa, biasanya dilihat sebagai bagian yang tidak terkait dengan kalimat utama.

Berdiri sendiri dan disertai dengan tanda seru.	Oh!, Wow!, Oops! Contoh: Wow! The scenery is truly magnificent.
Kadang dimasukkan dalam kalimat tetapi diikuti oleh tanda koma.	Contoh: Well, it is nothing to be worried about.

1. I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.

 preposition
 adjective
 noun

2. What did she ask you to do?

 conjunction
 preposition
 pronoun

3. I left my shoes under the kitchen table.

 adjective
 preposition
 pronoun

4. If we finish our work quickly we can go to the movies.

 adverb
 conjunction
 verb

5. On Saturdays I work from nine to five.

 verb
 preposition
 adverb

6. I want to go to a university in the United States.

 adjective
 preposition
 noun

7. I'm sure I've met your girlfriend before.

 verb
 preposition
 interjection

8. Well, I don't think I'll be home before 6.

 interjection
 preposition
 pronoun

9. Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered.

 adverb
 adjective
 conjunction

10. After lunch let's go out for a coffee.

 pronoun
 preposition
 verb

Complete the sentences with the appropriate conjunctions.

1. An international committee issued a depressing forecast of how human beings and natural ecosystems will be Influenced in the future, ---- the effects of global warming intensify.

as
however
besides
despite
but

2. ---- you can keep the elderly active, their quality of life improves so much.

Even if
Although
If
For all
In case of

3. It is easier to study animals and plants than human beings ---- plant and animal behaviors can be controlled and monitored.

because
due to
however
thus
in the event of

4. ---- computers, ecologists have simulated communities containing various plants and animals.

According to
For
Seeing that
Since
By means of

5. ---- children get older, their questions get harder to answer.

As
Because of
However
In case
In order that

6. Ecologists try to find out how the Earth's environments can be preserved ---- living things will continue to survive on the planet.

thanks to
now that
in order to
so that
in case

7. ---- laws for protection, many of the desert aquatic habitats and their associated species are still in danger.

Even though
Because
Despite
No matter
Whereas

8. Milk must be moved rapidly from the farm to the consumer and kept cold ---- it will not spoil.

so as to
in case
if
when
so that

9. Experts estimate that we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species every single day ---- rainforest deforestation.

as
while
much as
as a result
due to

10. ---- fuel prices increased, ---- did the demand for smaller, fuel-efficient cars.

As / so
As / nor
So / so
Whether / or
Both / and

11. ---- teaching, my father has always been involved in public affairs.

in addition
Similarly
No matter
As well as
In order to

12. ---- Joseph, who was exceedingly anxious for power, Napoleon's second brother, Lucien, was an ardent republican.

Likely
Unlike
In contrast
However
While

13. She was aware of the fact that she was not responsible for her parents' state of mind, ---- was she responsible for the state of their marriage.

either
nor
and
so
but