Tenses
Simple Present Tense
S + V-1 (-S/-ES) + O/C
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S + Am/Is/Are + CS
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The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is use for general statements of fact
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- Water consist of hydrogen and oxygen
- The world is round
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The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activity
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- My class begins at 6.30 pm
- He always eats omelet for breakfast
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Certain verbs are not used in continuous time
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- I have only one word to say now
- She needs a pen right now
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Present Continuous Tense
S + Am/Is/Are + V-ing + O/C
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S + Am/Is/Are + Being + CS
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The present continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. It began in the recent past, is continuing at present, and will probably end at some point in the future
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- Mr. Saleh is sleeping right now
- Fani&Fatur are talking on the phone
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Something generally in progress this week, this month, this year
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- I’m taking eight courses this semester
- Izza is writing her another book this year
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Present Perfect Tense
S + Have/Has + V-3 + O/C
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S + Have/Has + Been + CS
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The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now, at an unspecific time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important
If there is a specific mention of time , the simple past is used (I saw that movie last week)
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- They have moved into a new office
- I have already seen that movie
- I have never seen snow
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The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each repetition is not important
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- I have flown on an airplane many times
- We have had 3 quizzes so far this month
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The present perfect also, when used with for and since, expresses a situation that began in the past and continues to the present
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- I have bee here since seven o’clock
- I have loved you for a thousand years
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Present Perfect Continuous Tense
S + Have/Has + been + V-ing + O/C
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S + Have/Has + been + being + CS
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This tense is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words, such asfor, since, all morning, all day, all week.
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- I have been sitting here since seven o'clock.
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I have been sitting here for two hours.
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When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses a general activity i n progress recently, lately.
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- I have been thinking about changing my major.
- All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week.
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With certain verbs (most notably live, work, teach), there is little or no difference in meaning between the two tenses when since or for is used.
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- He has worked at the same store for ten years.
-
He has been working at the same store for ten years.
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Simple Past Tense
S + V-2 + O/C
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S + Was/Were + CS
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The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at the particular time in the past
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- Pen walked to work yesterday
- Sisil bought a new car three days ago
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If a sentence contains when and has the simple past in both clauses, the action in when clause happens first.
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- We stood under the tree when it began to rain
- When Hera dropped her cup, the tea spilled on her lap
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Past Continuous Tense
S + Was/Were + V-ing + O/C
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S + Was/Were + Being + CS
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(first example) both actions occurred at the some time but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred
(second example) the action was progressing in the past
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- I was waiting for the bus when I saw an accident
- Neno was studying for exam at 8 o’clock last night
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Sometimes the past continuous is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress simultaneously
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- While Rara was sleeping in her room, Lisa next door was having a party
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In Some cases, the simple past and past continuous give almost the same meaning
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- It rained this morning
- It was raining this morning
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Past Perfect Tense
S + Had + V-3 + O/C
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S + Had + Been + CS
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The past perfect expresses an activity hat was completed before another activity or time in the past.
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- Ayi’ had already left by the time Uci got there
- The thief simply walked in. someone had forgotten to lock the door
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If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship is already clear.
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- Sam left before Ann got there.
- After the guest had left, I went to bed
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Past Perfect Continuous Tense
S + Had + Been + V-ing + O/C
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S + Had + Been + Being + CS
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This tense also may express an activity in progress close in time to another activity or time in the past.
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- When Judy got home, her hair was still wet because she had been swimming.
- I went to Jane's house after the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
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The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.
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- The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him
- Eric finally came at six o'clock. I had been waiting for him since four-thirty.
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Simple Future Tense
S + Will + V-1 + O/C
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S + Will + Be + CS
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Will or be going to is used to express future time. In speech, going to is often pronounced, "gonna."
In (d): The contracted form of +not is won't.
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- Jack willfinish his work tomorrow.
- Jackisgoing tofinish hiswork
tomorrow
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Future Continuous Tense
S + Will + Be + V-ing + C/O
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S + Will + Be + Being + CS
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The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progress at a rime in the future.
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- I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you come.
- Right now I am sitting in class. At this same time tomorrow, I will be sitting in class.
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The progressive form of be going to: be going to + be + -ing
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- Don't call me at nine because I won'tbehome. Iamgoingtobe studying at the library.
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Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future progressive and the simple future, especially when the future event will occur at an indefinite time in the future, as in (d) and (e).
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- Don't get impatient. She will be coming soon.
- Don't get impatient. She will come soon.
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Future Perfect
S + Will + Have + V-3 + O/C
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S + Will + Have + Been + CS
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The future perfect expresses an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the future. (Note: by the time introduces a time clause; the simple present is used in a time clause.)
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- I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I will have graduated.
- I will havefinished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.
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Future Perfect Continuous
S + Will + Have + Been + V-ing +O/C
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S + Will + Have + Been + Being + CS
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The future perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future.
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I will go to bed at ten P.IM. Ed will get home at midnight. At midnight I will be sleeping. I will have been sleeping for two hours by the time Ed gets home.
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Sometimes the future perfect and the future perfect progressive have the same meaning, as in (d) and (e). Also, notice that the activity expressed by either of these two tenses may begin in the past.
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- When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years.
- When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years.
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Tenses Exercise (First)
1. My father is so tired since he … our garden all day for planting vegetables.
a. has prepared
b. has been preparing
2. At this time yesterday Reny and I … our classmate.
a. were paying a call
b. are paying a call
3. He … the community college this night.
a. wouldn’t be attending
b. won’t be attending
4. We sometimes … by chance in the convenience store.
a. meets
b. meet
5. I had slept when you … last night.
a. call
b. called
6. Never … such a funny joke.
a. had I heard
b. I had heard
7. The class … the documentary film next monday.
a. will have watched
b. would have watched
8. … the scholarship application?
a. have you completed
b. have you complete
9. My brother … English course for six months by the end of this year.
a. will have been taking
b. will have taken
10. It … sunny tomorrow.
a. will
b. will be
11. Who … towards the post office?
a. is walking
b. walks
12. They … for an hour before the doctor came.
a. had been waiting
b. waited
Tenses Exercise (Second)
1. Sari ______ to school with her friends at 06.30 a.m. tomorrow.
A. walks
B. is going to walk
C. will be walking
D. will have walked
2. ______ discussed before the director proposed it.
A. The economic crisis had been
B. The economic crisis being
C. The economic crisis has already been
D. The economic crisis is already
3. She ______ at me when she saw me at the airport.
A. waves
B. waved
C. is waving
D. has waved
4. Berta : “Can I have your report soon?”
Jono : “Sure, I ______ it before you go to the meeting.
A. will finished
B. will have finished
C. am going to finish
D. am finishing
5. “When do you plan to get married?”
“After ______ school”.
A. I finish
B. I finished
C. I am finishing
D. I have been finished
6. Mother ______ the food by the time the children come home.
A. cooked
B. will cook
C. has cooked
D. will have cooked
7. The children are watching TV now because they ______ their homework.
A. are doing
B. had done
C. have done
D. were doing
8. I ______ the street when it began to rain.
A. am walking down
B. have walked down
C. have been walking down
D. was walking down
9. The team ______ along the river-bank when they, accidentally, found a big cave.
A. were walking
B. are walking
C. will walk
D. walked
10. Dian and Harris hardly ever join our class discussion, ______?
A. did they
B. didn’t they
C. don’t they
D. do they
Tenses Exercise (Third)
1. “What did you study at the college?” “I … Foreign language”.
a. studied
b. have studied
c. study
d. is studying
2. Nobody knows why … postponed until next week.
a. the meeting
b. was the meeting
c. did the meeting
d. the meeting was
3. … he would have been able to pass the exam.
a. If he studied hard
b. If he studies more
c. If he had studied more
d. Were he studying hard
4. Duke Ellington wrote … during his career.
a. That over a thousand songs
b. Over a thousand songs
c. Over a thousand songs were
d. There were over a thousand songs
5. … the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878.
a. Canada adopted
b. Adopted by Canada
c. It was adopted by Canada
d. The Canadian adoption of
6. He entered a university …
a. when she had sixteen years
b. when sixteen years were his age
c. at the age of sixteen
d. at age sixteen years old
7. When henry arrived home after a hard day at work, …
a. his wife was sleeping
b. his wife slept
c. his wife has slept
d. his wife has been sleeping
8. In some cases, … to decide if an organism is a plant or an animal.
a. difficult if
b. it is difficult
c. the difficulty
d. is difficult
9. We … in Bandar lampung since 2010
a. Are lived
b. Lived
c. Are living
d. Have lived
10. When I am not at home, they will meet my mother. We can also say that when I am not at home … by them.
a. My mother will be met
b. My mother will be meeting
c. My mother met
d. My mother is met
Error Recognition
1. The first bicycle race on record in the United States taken place in Miami.
A B C D
2. Modern motorcycles are lighter, faster, and specialized than motorcycles of twenty-five years ago.
A B C D
3. Jane said she would have borrow me her new movie camera if I had wanted to use it on my trip to Europe
A B C D
4. The girl whom my cousin married was used to be a chorus girl or the rocketeers in Radio City Music Hall
A B C D
5. When Clift was sick with the flu, his mother made him to eat chicken soup and rest in bed
A B C D
6. She has less pets at her home now than she had last month
A B C D
7. If I had a new car, I will invited my friends to go anywhere
A B C D
8. I come to wedding party my cousin in 2012
A B C D
9. Many system computers are damage by viruses
A B C D
10. William is one of the most clever boys of the biology class
A B C D
Tenses Exercise (Fourth)
1. Every night the watchman turns on all the lights and ___ around the building every half an hour
A. Walks
B. Is walking
C. To be walking
D. Walking
E. To walk
2. ‘Can we postpone the class meeting until Friday?’
‘I’m afraid not. I ___ basketball on Friday.’
A. Would play
B. Will have been playing
C. Have been playing
D. Always play
E. Played
3. “My uncle’s office stays open until 12.00 on weekends.”
The sentence means___
A. My uncle works at 12.00 on weekends
B. My uncle’s office opens at 12.00 on weekends
C. My uncle doesn’t have to work on weekends
D. My uncle’s office closes at 12.00 on weekends
E. My uncle doesn’t work at 12.00 on weekends
4. ‘Is one living with your grandmother in that house?’
‘No, and she___ anyone do anything for her for years.’
A. Never had
B. Does not have
C. Has never had
D. Never has
E. Will never have
5. “Do you often go to restaurants?”
“No, it ___ quite a long time since I went to a restaurant with my friends.”
A. Has been
B. Would be
C. Is being
D. Was
E. Had been
6. “We haven’t heard from Didi for such a long time”
“We haven’t either, since he ___ to Dili.”
A. Moves
B. Moved
C. Was moving
D. Has moved
E. Had moved
7. Erika ___ on her report for three days in a row without much sleep. That’s why she looks so tired.
A. Works
B. Is working
C. Has been working
D. Was working
E. Had been working
8. All these years Ira/s family___ in poverty.
A. Lived
B. Has been living
C. Had lived
D. Was living
E. Lives
9. ‘Where is Tanti ?’
‘ I don’t know. In fact I ___ any of our friends since I arrived.’
A. Did not see
B. Was not seeing
C. Have not seen
D. Do not see
E. Had not seen
10. ‘The Anthropologist has been studying that tribe for the last five years’, means:
He ___ that tribe
A. Has finished studying
B. Studied
C. Was studying
D. Had studied
E. Is still studying
11. I ___ all over the place for my dictionary when I suddenly remembered that my sister had borrowed it.
A. Have looked
B. Was looking
C. Looked
D. Am looking
E. Have been looking
12. The earthquake happening at about 3 o’clock yesterday caused many people too panic.’
Including me, as I ___ on the third floor of my office at that time’
A. Worked
B. Have worked
C. Have been working
D. Was working
E. Had worked
13. The engine ___ smoothly when it suddenly stopped.
A. Runs
B. Running
C. Has run
D. Was running
E. Is running
14. “I was the first to submit my paper yesterday.”
“You’re wrong, I ___ mine before you did.”
A. Submit
B. Have submitted
C. Was submitted
D. Would submit
E. Had submitted
15. “Did Ita decide to buy the car ?”
“Yes, after she ___ her brother.”
A. Has consulted
B. Was consulting
C. Had consulted
D. Consults
E. Is consulting
16. ‘When did you take the academic writing course?’
‘Last year, after I ___ Composition II.”
A. Complete
B. Was completing
C. To complete
D. Have completed
E. Had completed
17. The book that I ___ in the classroom was found by Ali.
A. Had left
B. Was leaving
C. Had been leaving
D. Have left
E. Would have left
18. The bus came after I ___ for about twenty minutes.
A. Have been waiting
B. Have waited
C. Am waiting
D. Had been waiting
E. Was waiting
19. ‘Can I see you tomorrow about the seminar?’
‘All right, come at 10 o’clock, and I ___ teaching by then.’
A. Will have finished
B. Have finished
C. Am finishing
D. Will be finishing
E. Will have been finishing
20. “Where’s Fred ? I haven’t seen him.”
“Well, he ___ the reports when I arrived.”
A. Had typed
B. Was typing
C. Has typed
D. Is typing
E. Typed
Passive Voice
In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Notice that the subject of an active verb follows “by” in a passive sentence. The noun that follows “by” is called “agent”
Active : Jalal helped Hilda
Passive : Hilda was helped by Jalal
The above sentence shows that Jalal is the agent
Tense
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Active
|
Passive
|
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Be going to
Future Perfect
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Jalal helps Hilda
Jalal is helping Hilda
Jalal has helped Hilda
Jalal helped Hilda
Jalal was helping Hilda
Jalal had helped Hilda
Jalal will help Hilda
Jalal is going to help Hilda
Jalal will have helped Hilda
|
Hilda is helped by Jalal
Hilda is being helped by Jalal
Hilda has been helped by Jalal
Hilda was helped by Jalal
Hilda was being helped by Jalal
Hilda had been helped by Jalal
Hilda will be helped by Jalal
Hilda is going to be helped by Jalal
Hilda will have been helped by Jalal
|
Usually the passive is used without a by-phrase. The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.
· Rice is grown in India
· Our office was built in 2015
· The oil was imported from Saudi Arabic
Sentence with two objects
Active : The president gave Mr. Ilo a birthday gift
a) Passive : Mr. Ilo was given a birthday give by the president
b) Passive ; A birthday gift was given by the president to me
Exercise
1. “Why does the baby next-door keep crying?”
“As usual, it ___ by the babysitter.”
A. Is neglecting
B. Is neglected
C. Neglects
D. Is to be neglected
E. Is to neglect
2. “I’m sure you love the dog offered to you buy the vet yesterday.”
“Yes, I refused it, but when I went back tp him. It ___.”
A. Had been taken
B. Had taken
C. Had to have taken
D. Had to be taken
E. Had to take
3. It is a rule that only students bringing their identity card ___ to enter the examination room.
A. To be admitted
B. Are admitting
C. They are admitted
D. To admit
E. Are admitted
4. Komodos ___ to be descendant from dinosaurs.
A. They believe
B. To believe
C. Believed
D. To be believed
E. Are believed
5. “When did the accident happen?"
“When the goods ___ from the truck.”
A. Were unloading
B. Were being unloaded
C. Being loaded
D. They were unloading
E. Unloaded
6. “Where are the song lyrics we’re going give to the members of the choir?”
“Oh, they ___ .”
A. Are copying
B. Are being copied
C. To copy
D. To be copied
E. Copying
7. “I haven’t got the report on the seminar held last week.
“I’m sure it ___ on your desk yesterday.”
A. Put
B. Being put
C. Was putting
D. Was put
E. Putting
8. When the bus broke down in the middle of the dessert, we ___ that we would have to finish the journey to our destination on foot.
A. Were telling
B. Have told
C. Were told
D. Have been told
E. Had told
9. “What is going to happen to the children who have become orphans due to the tsunami disaster?”
“Don’t worry, they ___”
A. Will take care of
B. Will have been taken care of
C. Will have taken care of
D. Will be taken care of
E. Will be taking care of
10. Jupiter’s four moons ___ through a telescope by Galileo.
A. Were first viewed
B. First viewed
C. Had been first viewed
D. Were being first viewed
E. First being viewed
11. “What time will the delayed plane depart?”
“They say that it ___ soon”
A. Will announce
B. Is to announce
C. To be announced
D. Announces
E. Will be announced
12. “How long did he have to undergo the radiation treatments?”
“For a month. They ___ until he was dismissed from the hospital.”
A. Gave daily
B. To be given daily
C. Were given daily
D. To give it daily
E. Were given daily
13. The regulation in our dormitory does not allow dinner ___ before sunset the fasting month.
A. To serve
B. To be served
C. To be serving
D. Is served
E. Is serving
14. The amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth. Forty percent of the world’s oxygen ___ there.
A. Are being produced
B. Are produced
C. Is being produced
D. Is produced
E. Was produced
15. Michael’s report ___ discussed when I called Prof. Smith this afternoon.
A. Have been
B. Was being
C. Been
D. Being
E. Be
16. The author had died before his book ____
A. Has been published
B. Had been published
C. Would be published
D. Was being published
E. Was published
17. ‘Have you been informed about the exact number of victims of the airplane crash?’
‘Yes, __ to the headquarters of Garuda.’
A. They are faxed
B. Has faxed
C. The victims fax
D. It has been faxed
E. We fax it
18. ‘ Why can’t I find the file on the annual report in the computer?’
‘Because it ___ in the hard disk.’
A. Was not saving
B. Not saved
C. Did not save
D. Not being saved
E. Was not saved
19. ‘You seem to be waiting for something these days.’
‘That’s true, I’m waiting ___ for an interview.’
A. Called
B. To call
C. Be called
D. Calling
E. To be calling
20. Arman was not given a present by his parents.
It means that ___
A. Arman didn’t give a present to his parents
B. Arman gave a present to his parents
C. Arman’s parents didn’t give him present
D. Armandidin’t give them a present
E. Arman’sparent were not given a present
Relative Pronouns:
· that
· where
· who
· whom
· whose
· which
Subordinating Conjunctions:
· when
· where
· what
· why
· how
Exercise
1. The cougar is a member of the cat family ______ grows to around 8 feet in length.
A. who
B. which
C. whom
D. that
B. which
C. whom
D. that
2. The cougar lives in deserts, forests, plains and mountains, but according to scientists ________ have studied the animal, it is becoming endangered in some areas.
A. who
B. which
C. whom
D. whose
3. The cougar has powerful legs, ________ it uses to climb and to jump into trees.
A. Who
B. Which
C. Whom
D. Whose
4. Cougars sometimes prey on sheep and goats, so they may be killed by the farmers ________ animals they attack.
A. Who
B. Which
C. Whom
D. Whose
5. However, cougars very rarely attack humans, of ________ they are usually afraid.
A. Who
B. Whom
C. Which
D. That
6. Instructors who __________ teaching ability are prevalent at this university because publishing is one of the major criteria for tenure.
A. lack
B. without
C. do not
D. no have
7. Not all textbooks that have been written on this subject __________ as detailed as this one.
A. with
B. to
C. be
D. are
8. The oldest tree in this part of the world is the redwood, __________ thousands of years old.
A. which may be
B. its age
C. and which
D. it is
9. This new service will be available to all users _______ up for paid membership.
A. that signed
B. that signed it
C. which signed
D. sign
10. That is a story of hardship _______ our own situation into perspective.
A. puts
B. it puts
C. that it puts
D. that puts
11. John Smith, _______ of economic crimes, tax evasion and fraud, is being accused of attempted murder now.
A. of that he was accused
B. that was accused
C. whom he was accused
D. who was accused
12. The process uses an innovative digital technology __________ the products with as many colors as the image contains.
(A) imprints
(B) that imprints it
(C) that imprints
(D) that it imprints
13. The police were greatly outnumbered by rioters, _______ ran into the hundreds.
A. whose figures
B. those figures
C. that its figures
D. its figures that
Exercise
1. There is a hotel doctor on call, ............
A. who will provide emergency medical treatment.
B. where you can sweat out the dirt from the City.
C. where you can get your hair done.
D. where you can keep fit.
E. who will help you with your paperwork.
2. There is a team of highly qualified secretaries available,......
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. where you can sweat out the dirt from the City.
C. where you can get your hair done.
D. where you can keep fit.
E. who will help you with your paperwork.
3. There is 24 hour room service,......
A. where you can get seats for all the hit shows.
B. who provides a manicure service in your room.
C. which will take you to and from the airport
D. which provides an excellent selection of snacks and drinks.
E. where you can send and receive faxes.
4. There is a typical English pub,..........
A. where you can get seats for all the hit shows.
B. who provides a manicure service in your room.
C. which will take you to and from the airport
D. which provides an excellent selection of snacks and drinks.
E. where you can enjoy a pint of bitter.
5. There is a gymnasium in the basement,..........
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. where you can sweat out the dirt from the City.
C. where you can get your hair done.
D. where you can keep fit.
E. where you can buy goods at duty free prices.
6. There is a qualified chiropodist available,.........
A. where you can get seats for all the hit shows.
B. who provides a manicure service in your room.
C. where you can relax over a gourmet meal.
D. which will clean your clothes overnight.
E. where you can send and receive faxes.
7. We have a ticket reservation service,....
A.
B. where you can get seats for all the hit shows.
C. who will look after your small children whilst you go shopping.
D. where you can relax over a gourmet meal.
E. which will clean your clothes overnight.
F. where you can send and receive faxes.
8. There is a top class hairdressing salon on the ground floor,....
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. where you can sweat out the dirt from the City.
C. where you can get your hair done.
D. which stays open until 4.00 a.m.
E. where you can buy goods at duty free prices.
9. There is a typical English fish and chip restaurant,...
A. where you can have cod and chips.
B. who provides a manicure service in your room.
C. which will take you to and from the airport
D. which provides an excellent selection of snacks and drinks.
E. where you can enjoy a pint of bitter.
10. If you have a problem, contact the senior receptionist,...
A. where you can have cod and chips.
B. who will deal with it as a top priority.
C. which will take you to and from the airport
D. which provides an excellent selection of snacks and drinks.
E. where you can enjoy a pint of bitter.
11. There is a fax machine at the front desk,......
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. who will look after your small children whilst you go shopping.
C. where you can relax over a gourmet meal.
D. which will clean your clothes overnight.
E. where you can send and receive faxes.
12. There is a dry-cleaning service available,....
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. who will look after your small children whilst you go shopping.
C. where you can relax over a gourmet meal.
D. which will clean your clothes overnight.
E. who will help you with your paperwork.
13. Be sure to speak to our tourist guide,....
A. where you can have cod and chips.
B. who will deal with it as a top priority.
C. who will tell you about interesting places to visit.
D. which provides an excellent selection of snacks and drinks.
E. where you can enjoy a pint of bitter.
14. There is a sauna in the hotel,....
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. where you can sweat out the dirt from the City.
C. who will tell you about interesting places to visit.
D. which stays open until 4.00 a.m.
E. where you can buy goods at duty free prices.
15. There is a night club in the hotel,....
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. who will deal with it as a top priority.
C. who will tell you about interesting places to visit.
D. which stays open until 4.00 a.m.
E. where you can buy goods at duty free prices.
16. There is a five-star restaurant,...
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. who will look after your small children whilst you go shopping.
C. where you can relax over a gourmet meal.
D. where you can keep fit.
E. who will help you with your paperwork.
17. There is a trained nursery nurse available,.....
A. where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B. who will look after your small children whilst you go shopping.
C. where you can get your hair done.
D. where you can keep fit.
E. who will help you with your paperwork.
18. There is a shuttle bus service,....
A. where you can get seats for all the hit shows.
B. who provides a manicure service in your room.
C. which will take you to and from the airport.
D. which will clean your clothes overnight.
E. where you can send and receive faxes.
19. For a late drink, come to our night-club,...
A. where you can have cod and chips.
B. who will deal with it as a top priority.
C. who will tell you about interesting places to visit.
D. which stays open until 4.00 a.m.
E. where you can enjoy a pint of bitter.
20. For that perfect gift, come to our gift shop,.....
A. where you can have cod and chips.
B. who will deal with it as a top priority.
C. who will tell you about interesting places to visit.
D. which stays open until 4.00 a.m.
E. where you can buy goods at duty free prices.
Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds and infinitives are sometimes referred to as verb complements. They may function as subjects or objects in a sentence.
TIGA ATURAN DALAM MENGGUNAKAN GERUND
A. Subject = Gerund
Saat kamu ingin membuat suatu aksi menjadi subject kalimat, sebaiknya gunakanlah Gerund. Penggunaan Infinitive sebagai subject sebenarnya boleh saja, namun ternyata hal ini dianggap sangat formal dan tidak umum.
Contoh Penggunaan Gerund Sebagai Subject
Singing is one of my hobby.
(Menyanyi adalah salah satu hobi saya.)
B. Preposition + Gerund
Umumnya, jika ada sebuah preposition dalam kalimat, maka setelahnya gunakanlah Gerund. Namun untuk beberapa preposition seperti except dan but terkadang Infinitive juga bisa digunakan.
Contoh Penggunaan Gerund Setelah Preposition
I thought about sleeping in my brother’s room tonight.
(Saya memikirkan tentang tidur di kamar kakak saya malam ini.)
C. Verb + Gerund
Ada beberapa verb yang hanya bisa diikuti oleh Gerund. Untuk yang satu ini, satu satunya cara terbaik adalah dengan menghapalkan daftar verb yang diikuti oleh Gerund. Beberapa yang paling umum misalnya: advise, avoid, enjoy, finish, dan quit.
Contoh Verb Yang Diikuti Gerund
Maya avoid making mistake for the second time.
(Maya menghindari membuat kesalahan untuk kedua kalinya.)
TIGA ATURAN DALAM MENGGUNAKAN INFINITIVE
A. Adjective + Infinitive
Setelah sebuah adjective (kata sifat) umumnya yang kita gunakan adalah sebuah Infinitive. Dalam beberapa kondisi penggunaan Gerund bisa saja terjadi tapi ternyata pemakaian Infinitive dalam situasi ini selalu dianggap sebagai pilihan terbaik.
Contoh Penggunaan Infinitive Setelah Adjective
It was useful to learn foreign language like English.
(Hal yang berguna mempelajari bahasa asing seperti Bahasa Inggris.)
B. Noun + Infinitive
Jika main verb memiliki sebuah object baik dalam bentuk noun ataupun pronoun, maka hampir selalu diikuti oleh sebuah Infinitive daripada sebuah Gerund.
Contoh Penggunaan Infinitive Setelah Noun
My father asked me to help him.
(Ayah saya meminta saya membantu nya.)
C. Verb + Infinitive
Ada beberapa verb yang hanya bisa diikuti oleh Infinitive. Untuk yang satu ini, satu satunya cara terbaik adalah dengan menghapalkan daftar verb yang diikuti oleh Infinitive. Beberapa yang paling umum misalnya: ask, choose, decide, get, need, dan want.
Contoh Verb Yang Diikuti Infinitive
He decided to go to United States next month.
(Dia memutuskan untuk pergi ke Amerika bulan depan.)
Reference Lists – Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerund
· admit
· advise
· avoid
· be used to
· can’t help
· can’t stand
· consider
· deny
· discuss
· dislike
· end up
· enjoy
· feel like
· finish
· forget
· get used to
· give up
· go on
· have difficulty
· have problems
· have trouble
· imagine
· it’s no use
· it’s worthwhile
· keep
· look forward to
· mention
· mind
· miss
· recommend
· remember
· quit
· spend time
· stop
· suggest
· understand
· waste time
· work at
Infintive
· afford
· agree
· appear
· arrange
· ask
· care
· decide
· demand
· expect
· fail
· forget
· hope
· learn
· manage
· mean
· offer
· plan
· prepare
· pretend
· promise
· refuse
· remember
· seem
· stop
· volunteer
· wait
· want
· wish
Noun/Pronoun + To-Infinitive
· advise
· allow
· ask
· cause
· challenge
· command
· convince
· expect
· forbid
· force
· hire
· instruct
· invite
· order
· pay
· permit
· program
· remind
· teach
· tell
· urge
· want
· warn
Gerund or Infinitive
· begin
· continue
· hate
· intend
· like
· love
· prefer
· start
· forget
· remember
· stop
Exercise
1. She likes to get up early in the morning. (likes / dislikes)
1. 1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)
2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)
3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals _______. (fighting / to fight)
4. As the famous saying goes, there’s no use ______ over spilt milk. (crying / to cry)
5. Jim stopped _________ his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie)
6. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake)
7. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to complain)
8. Eva is having trouble _________ on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate)
9. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)
10. You won’t forget _________milk on your way home, will you? (picking up /to pick up)
Exercise
1. I often go (dance) ___ on a Saturday night.
2. When I finish (write) ___ this letter, I'll come and help you.
3. I am planning (buy) ___ a new laptop soon.
4. I need (sleep) ___ at least eight hours a night.
5. I want (move) ___ to London next year.
6. Would you consider (give) ___ the speech at our anniversary party?
7. She avoids (walk) ___ in the rain.
8. Emily promised (eat) ___ all her vegetables.
9. I don't mind (call) ___ them if you don't want to.
10. You need to practise (listen) ___.
11. Did anyone volunteer (work) ___ on Saturday?
12. He refuses (talk) ___ to me.
13. I enjoy (watch) ___ romantic movies.
14. We can't afford (rent) ___ this flat anymore.
15. I managed (get) ___ there on time.
Degrees of Comparison
1. Positive Degree
Ketika digunakan untuk menyatakan perbandingan, positive degree harus digunakan bersama correlative conjunction as … as. Positive degree berupa bentuk standar adjective dan adverb tanpa perubahan apapun.
Contoh Positive Degree:
· adjective: beautiful, difficult, easy, much, tired
· adverb: carefully, fast, gently, much, quickly
Contoh Kalimat Positive Degree:
1
|
The task is not as difficult as you imagine.
(Tugas tersebut tidak sesulit yang kamu bayangkan.) |
2
|
The test was as easy as pie.
(Tes tersebut sangat mudah.) as easy as pie = extremely easy |
3
|
My brother drives as carefully as my father in the residential area.
(Saudara laki-laki saya mengemudi sehati-hati ayahnya di area perumahan.) |
4
|
I hope you enjoy your holiday as much as we do.
(Saya berharap kamu menikmati liburanmu seperti kami.) |
2. Comparative Degree
Comparative degree digunakan untuk membandingkan dua orang, binatang, benda, atau hal. Kebanyakan adjective atau adverb yang terdiri dari satu suku kata ditambahkan akhiran -er, sedangkan dua suku kata atau lebih diawali dengan kata more. Khusus untuk dua suku kata adjective dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -ier. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, degree of comparison ini biasanya diikuti kata than.
Contoh Comparative Degree:
· adjective: cold-colder, patient – more patient, happy-happier
· adverb: fast-faster, gently – more gently, slowly – more slowly
Contoh Kalimat Comparative Degree:
1
|
Your heart is colder than ice.
(Hatimu lebih dingin dari es.) |
2
|
The happiest person I know thinks that sometimes changing up his routine is really important.
(Orang paling berbahagia yang saya kenal berpikir bahwa kadang-kadang mengubah rutinitasnya itu sungguh-sungguh penting.) |
3
|
I ran faster than you did.
(Saya berlari lebih cepat dari kamu.) |
4
|
Land snails move more slowly than starfish.
(Siput darat bergerak lebih lambat dari bintang laut.) |
3. Superlative Degree
Superlative degree berfungsi untuk membandingankan tiga atau lebih orang, benda, atau hal. Mayoritas satu suku adjective dan adverb didapat bentuk superlative-nya dengan menambahkan akhiran -est, sedangkan yang lebih dari satu suku kata ditambahkan kata most di depannya. Adapun untuk adjective yang terdiri dari dua suku kata dengan akhiran -y, akhiran tersebut dihilangkan lalu ditambahkan -iest. Ketika berada di dalam kalimat, superlative degree diawali dengan definite article the.
Contoh Superlative Degree:
· adjective: cold-coldest, patient – most patient, happy-happiest
· adverb: fast-fastest, gently – most gently, slowly – most slowly
Contoh Kalimat Superlative Degree:
1
|
Your heart is the coldest of all.
(Hatimu adalah yang terdingin dari semuanya.) |
2
|
The happiest person I know thinks that sometimes changing up his routine is really important.
(Orang paling berbahagia yang saya kenal berpikir bahwa kadang-kadang mengubah rutinitasnya itu sungguh-sungguh penting.) |
3
|
I run the fastest in my class.
(Saya berlari paling cepat di kelas.) |
4
|
The country develops the most slowly.
(Negara tersebut berkembang paling lambat.) |
Double Comparative
Double comparative adalah frasa yang menyatakan proses sebab-akibat. Berikut strukturnya.
The more/less +/- noun + S + V, the more/less +/- noun + S + V
|
atau
The + comparative adjective + S + verb “be”, the + comparative adjective + S + V +/- infinitive of purpose
|
Struktur pertama menggunakan more/less untuk membandingkan action (verb)1, sedangkan struktur kedua membandingkan adjective2. Mungkin juga digunakan kombinasi keduanya3.
The more/less +/- noun + S + V, the + comparative adjective + S + V
|
Contoh Kalimat Double Comparative:
No
|
Contoh Kalimat Double Comparative
|
1
|
The more you know, the more you know you don’t know. — Aristotle.
(Semakin banyak kamu tahu, semakin kamu tahu kamu tidak tahu.) |
2
|
The higher the mountain, the more difficult it is to climb.
(Semakin tinggi gunung, semakin sulit didaki.) |
3
|
The less your brain you use, the poorer it performs.
(Semakin sedikit kamu menggunakan otakmu, semakin buruk otakmu bekerja.) |
Perubahan Adjective dari Positive, Comparative dan Superlative secara beraturan alias REGULAR.
Adjective dengan satu atau dua suku kata
| ||
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
cheap (murah)
|
cheaper
|
cheapest
|
clean (bersih)
|
cleaner
|
cleanest
|
clever (pintar)
|
cleverer
|
cleverest
|
fast (cepat)
|
faster
|
fastest
|
hard (keras)
|
harder
|
hardest
|
long (panjang)
|
longer
|
longest
|
new (baru)
|
newer
|
newest
|
old (tua)
|
older/elder
|
oldest/eldest
|
quiet (diam)
|
quieter
|
quietest
|
rich (kaya)
|
richer
|
richest
|
short (pendek)
|
shorter
|
shortest
|
small (kecil)
|
smaller
|
smallest
|
smart (pandai)
|
smarter
|
smartest
|
strong (kuat)
|
stronger
|
strongest
|
tall (tinggi)
|
taller
|
tallest
|
young (muda)
|
younger
|
youngest
|
Adjective dengan perubahan double konsonan
| ||
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
big (besar)
|
bigger
|
biggest
|
hot (panas)
|
hotter
|
hottest
|
sad (sedih)
|
sadder
|
saddest
|
slim (langsing)
|
slimmer
|
slimmest
|
thin (kurus)
|
thinner
|
thinnest
|
Adjective berakhiran –y
| ||
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
busy (sibuk)
|
busier
|
busiest
|
dirty (kotor)
|
dirtier
|
dirtiest
|
easy (mudah)
|
easier
|
easiest
|
funny (lucu)
|
funnier
|
funniest
|
happy (senang)
|
happier
|
happiest
|
lazy (malas)
|
lazier
|
laziest
|
pretty (cantik)
|
prettier
|
prettiest
|
Adjective berakhiran –e
| ||
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
brave (berani)
|
braver
|
bravest
|
close (dekat)
|
closer
|
closest
|
large (besar)
|
larger
|
largest
|
nice (bagus)
|
nicer
|
nicest
|
polite (sopan)
|
politer
|
politest
|
simple (mudah)
|
simpler
|
simplest
|
Adjective lebih dari satu atau dua suku kata
| ||
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
beautiful (cantik)
|
more beautiful
|
most beautiful
|
boring (bosan)
|
more boring
|
most boring
|
careful (hati-hati)
|
more careful
|
most careful
|
confident (percaya diri)
|
more confident
|
most confident
|
delicious (sedap)
|
more delicious
|
most delicious
|
difficult (susah)
|
more difficult
|
most difficult
|
diligent (pintar)
|
more diligent
|
most diligent
|
expensive (mahal)
|
more expensive
|
most expensive
|
famous (terkenal)
|
more famous
|
most famous
|
handsome (tampan)
|
more handsome
|
most handsome
|
important (penting)
|
more important
|
most important
|
intelligent (pandai)
|
more intelligent
|
most intelligent
|
interesting (menarik)
|
more interesting
|
most interesting
|
popular (populer)
|
more popular
|
most popular
|
tired (lelah)
|
more tired
|
most tired
|
useful (berguna)
|
more useful
|
most useful
|
Exercise
- Rita can walk … than you think.
- more far
- further
- furthest
- I hope tomorrow will be … than today.
- best
- better
- good
- He runs as … as molasses in January.
- slow
- slowest
- slower
- The modern wind turbine works the …
- more efficiently
- most efficiently
- efficiently
- He has the … house among all his friends.
- big
- biggest
- bigger
- I have no idea why he spoke … than before.
- more gently
- gently
- gentlier
- Krystal is as … as her sister.
- more beautiful
- most beautiful
- beautiful
- If only I could find the … path from node x to node y.
- easiest
- more easy
- easier
- The man treated his stepchildren … than animals.
- badly
- worst
- worse
- Your spicy ramen noodle is … than mine.
- hot
- hotter
- hottest
Exercise
1. She is ………………… than her sister.
A. pretty
B. prettier
C. prettiest
2. Martha is a ………………….. girl.
A. nice
B. nicer
C. nicest
3. Supriya is the …………………… girl in the class.
A. intelligent
B. more intelligent
C. most intelligent
4. Martin speaks English …………………..
A. well
B. better
C. best
5. Russia is the …………………. country in the world.
A. big
B. bigger
C. biggest
6. China is a ……………….. country.
A. big
B. bigger
C. biggest
7. China is ………………… than India.
A. big
B. bigger
C. biggest
8. This is the ………………… book I have ever read.
A. interesting
B. more interesting
C. most interesting
9. I am …………………. than you.
A. smart
B. smarter
C. smartest
10. Take the ………………….. of the two routes.
A. short
B. shorter
C. shortest
Modals
Modals (can, might, should, etc.)
Here is a list of modals:
can / can't
could / couldn't may / may not shall / shall not will / won't should / shouldn't |
ought to / ought not to
might / might not used to / didn't use to would / wouldn't have to / don't have to must / must not |
Must – to have to, or to be highly likely. Must can be used to express 100% certainty, a logical deduction or prohibition depending on the context.
- It must be hard to work 60-hours a week. (probable)
- You must listen to the professor during the lecture. (necessity)
- She must not be late for her appointment. (necessity)
- It must not be very hard to do. (probable)
Can – to be able to, to be allowed to, or possible. Can is a very common modal verb in English. It’s used to express ability, permission and possibility.
- It can be done. (possible)
- She can sleepover at Sara’s house this weekend. (allowed to)
- The car can drive cross country. (able to)
- It cannot be done. (impossible)
- The doctor said he cannot go to work on Monday. (not allowed to)
- She cannot focus with the car alarm going off outside. (not able to)
Could –to be able to, to be allowed to, or possible. Could is used when talking about an ability in the past or for a more polite way to ask permission.
- Mark could show up to work today. (possible)
- Could I come with you? (allowed to)
- When I was in college I could stay up all night without consequence. (able to)
- Mark could not come to work today. (possible/allowed)
- Last night I could not keep my eyes open. (able to)
May – to be allowed to, it is possible or probable
- May I sit down here? (allowed to)
- I may have to cancel my plans for Saturday night. (possible/probable)
- She may not arrive on time due to traffic. (possible)
Might – to be allowed to, possible or probable. Might is used when discussing something that has a slight possibility of happening, or to ask for permission in a more polite way.
- Chris might show up to the concert tonight. (possible/probable)
- Might I borrow your computer? (Many people don’t say this in American English, instead they would say Can I borrow your computer? Or May I borrow your computer?)
Should – to ask what is the correct thing to do, to suggest an action or to be probable. Should usually implies advice, a logical deduction or a so-so obligation.
- Should I come with her to the dentist? (permission)
- Joe should know better. (advice/ability)
- It should be a very quick drive to the beach today. (possibility)
- Margaret should not jump to conclusions. (advice)
Had better – to suggest an action or to show necessity
- Evan had better clean up the mess he made. (necessity)
- Megan had better get to work on time tomorrow. (necessity)
Will – to suggest an action or to be able to
- John will go to his second period class tomorrow. (action)
- It will happen. (action)
- She will see the difference. (be able to)
- Eva will not drive the Volkswagen. (not do an action)
- Joe will not study tonight because he has to work. (not be able to)
Would – to suggest an action, advice or show possibility in some circumstances
- That would be nice. (advise/possibility/action)
- She would go to the show, but she has too much homework. (action)
- Mike would like to know what you think about his presentation. (action)
Exercises: Can, Could, Be able to
- Ben could not help his little brother with his homework yesterday.
- Can I call you later tonight?
- _______ Tony run long distances when he was a boy?
- ______ you please call a tow truck for me? My car broke down. (polite)
- The students _______ to buy their textbooks today. The bookstore is all out of them.
- ______ you teach me how to fix my computer? You’re so good at it.
- ______ you ______ reach the customer if you call him at 4:00 his time?
Exercises: May / Might
- May I sit here?
- They ______ finish the project on time. The main engineer is ill.
- You _____ want to stop by the museum gift shop on your way out.
- _____ I have your autograph?
- He _______ visit the Louvre. He’s in Paris anyway.
- You ______ park your car here. It’s reserved for guests of the hotel only.
Exercises: Should, Shouldn’t, Ought To
- He shouldn’t encourage such bad behavior.
- You _____ get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.
- The house ______ be ready to move into by next month. It’s almost finished.
- Ron ________ to improve his attitude. If he doesn’t, he might get fired.
- ________ I get your jacket? It’s cold in here.
- You ________ put your feet on the table. It’s not polite.
Exercises: Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t Have to, Needn’t
- Shira doesn’t have to drive to the airport. She’s going by taxi.
- You must speak politely to the customers.
- You ______ tell Anna about the party tomorrow night. It’s a surprise! (must not, need to, doesn’t have to)
- Tina _______ register for her classes on Monday, otherwise she won’t get a place in them. (doesn’t have to, mustn’t, has to)
- You ________ send that fax. I’ve already sent it. (must, will have to, don’t have to)
- A dog ______ get special training in order to be a guide dog. (must, need to, don’t have to)
- Jeremy _______ get up early tomorrow. His class was cancelled. (mustn’t, doesn’t have to, don’t need to)
Exercises: will, would
- Will you please help me lift this box?
- I ______ like to order the onion soup please.
- The manager _______ be pleased to hear that a customer slipped on the wet floor.
- _______ it be okay if I slept here tonight?
- When Igor lived in Russia, he ________ call his mother as often as he does now.
- I can assure you sir, the order ______ be shipped out tonight.
Exercises – All Modals
- He has to take his car to be serviced. The brakes are squeaking.
- Would you please save me a seat at the dinner event.
- If you are sick, you ________ go to work. You’ll infect everyone there.
- Drivers _______ stop at red lights.
- You _______ finish the proposal today. You can finish it tomorrow.
- She ______ hear much better with her new hearing aids.
- ______ I order us a bottle of wine?
- Sam ______ pick his daughter up from school. She’s taking the bus home.
- You _____________ smoke here. It’s a smoke-free building.
- You ________ eat so many sweets. They are bad for you.
- _________ you mind walking a little faster? We’re going to be late.
- I’m sorry. I _______ help you. I don’t know how to do it.
1. ________ you go already? You only arrived an hour ago!
A. Must
B. Should
C. Can
2. When he was young, he ________ swim very well. He won medals and championships!
A. Had to
B. Can
C. Could
3. The company ________ go bankrupt if they don't find a lot of money quickly!
A. Should
B. Shouldn’t
C. Might
4. You look very confused by the homework, Clive. ________ I help you?
A. Will
B. Can
C. Must
5. I left my purse at home. Lily, ________ you lend me ten dollars?
A. May
B. Could
C. Shouldn’t
6. It's wet and windy outside today. You ________ go out without an umbrella.
A. Shouldn’t
B. Won’t
C. Don’t have to
7. I think that sign means we ________ enter the building. Look, there's a security guard too.
A. Won’t
B. Have to
C. Musn’t
8. Lindsay watched the movie in French and ________ understand very much of it.
A. Didn’t have to
B. Can’t
C. Couldn’t
Inversion
We use inversion in several different situations in English. Inversion just means putting the verb before the subject. We usually do it in question forms:
- Normal sentence: You are tired. (The subject is 'you'. It's before the verb 'are'.)
- Question form: Are you tired? (The verb 'are' is before the subject 'you'. They have changed places. This is called inversion.)
In most English verb tenses, when we want to use inversion, we just move the verb to before the subject. If there's more than one verb, because a verb tense has auxiliary verbs for example, we move the first verb.
With two verb tenses where we just change the places of the verb and subject:
With two verb tenses where we just change the places of the verb and subject:
- Present simple with 'be': am I / are you / is he
- Past simple with 'be': were you / was she
With other verbs tenses, we change the place of the subject and the auxiliary verb (the first auxiliary verb if there is more than one). We don't move the other parts of the verb:
- Present continuous: am I going / are you going
- Past continuous: was he going / were they going
- Present perfect: have we gone / has she gone
- Present perfect continuous: has she been going / have they been going
- Past perfect: had you gone
- Past perfect continuous: had he been going
- Future simple: will they go
- Future continuous: will you be going
- Future perfect: will they have gone
- Future perfect continuous: will she have been going
- Modal verbs: should I go / would you go
There are two tenses where we need to add 'do / does / did' to make the question form. We also need to change the main verb back to the infinitive. This is usually still called inversion.
- Present simple with any verb except 'be' (add 'do' or 'does'): do you go / does he go
- Past simple with any verb except 'be' (add 'did'): did we go / did they go
When do we use inversion? Of course, we use inversion in questions. You can read more about this here. But we also sometimes use inversion in other cases, when we are not making a question.
1: When we use a negative adverb or adverb phrase at the beginning of the sentence.
Usually, we put the expression at the beginning of the sentence to emphasise what we're saying. It makes our sentence sound surprising or striking or unusual. It also sounds quite formal. If you don't want to give this impression, you can put the negative expression later in the sentence in the normal way:
1: When we use a negative adverb or adverb phrase at the beginning of the sentence.
Usually, we put the expression at the beginning of the sentence to emphasise what we're saying. It makes our sentence sound surprising or striking or unusual. It also sounds quite formal. If you don't want to give this impression, you can put the negative expression later in the sentence in the normal way:
- Seldom have I seen such beautiful work.
('Seldom' is at the beginning, so we use inversion. This sentence emphasizes what beautiful work it is.) - I have seldom seen such beautiful work.
('Seldom' is in the normal place, so we don't use inversion. This is a normal sentence with no special emphasis.)
Here are some negative adverbs and adverb phrases that we often use with inversion:
Hardly
|
Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang.
|
Never
|
Never had she seen such a beautiful sight before.
|
Seldom
|
Seldom do we see such an amazing display of dance.
|
Rarely
|
Rarely will you hear such beautiful music.
|
Only then
|
Only then did I understand why the tragedy had happened.
|
Not only ... but
|
Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also smokes.
|
No sooner
|
No sooner had we arrived home than the police rang the doorbell.
|
Scarcely
|
Scarcely had I got off the bus when it crashed into the back of a car.
|
Only later
|
Only later did she really think about the situation.
|
Nowhere
|
Nowhere have I ever had such bad service.
|
Little
|
Little did he know!
|
Only in this way
|
Only in this way could John earn enough money to survive.
|
In no way
|
In no way do I agree with what you're saying.
|
On no account
|
On no account should you do anything without asking me first.
|
In the following expressions, the inversion comes in the second part of the sentence:
Not until
|
Not until I saw John with my own eyes did I really believe he was safe.
|
Not since
|
Not since Lucy left college had she had such a wonderful time.
|
Only after
|
Only after I'd seen her flat did I understand why she wanted to live there.
|
Only when
|
Only when we'd all arrived home did I feel calm.
|
Only by
|
Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat.
|
We only use inversion when the adverb modifies the whole phrase and not when it modifies the noun: Hardly anyone passed the exam. (No inversion.)
2: We can use inversion instead of 'if' in conditionals with 'had' 'were' and 'should'. This is quite formal:
2: We can use inversion instead of 'if' in conditionals with 'had' 'were' and 'should'. This is quite formal:
- Normal conditional: If I had been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.
- Conditional with inversion: Had I been there, this problem wouldn't have happened.
- Normal conditional: If we had arrived sooner, we could have prevented this tragedy!
- Conditional with inversion: Had we arrived sooner, we could have prevented this tragedy!
3: We can use inversion if we put an adverbial expression of place at the beginning on the sentence. This is also quite formal or literary:
- On the table was all the money we had lost. (Normal sentence: All the money we had lost was on the table.)
- Round the corner came the knights. (Normal sentence: The knights came round the corner.)
4: We can use inversion after 'so + adjective...that':
- So beautiful was the girl that nobody could talk of anything else. (Normal sentence: the girl was so beautiful that nobody could talk of anything else.)
- So delicious was the food that we ate every last bite. (Normal sentence: the food was so delicious that we ate every last bite.)
Exercise
1) John had never been to such a fantastic restaurant.
............................................................................................
2) I in no way want to be associated with this project.
............................................................................................
3) They had no sooner eaten dinner than the ceiling crashed onto the dining table.
............................................................................................
4) I had scarcely finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the end of the exam.
............................................................................................
5) I seldom leave my house so early.
............................................................................................
6) People rarely appreciate this musician's talent.
............................................................................................
7) We would understand what had happened that night only later.
............................................................................................
8) They had met such rude people nowhere before
.............................................................................................
9) He understood little about the situation.
............................................................................................
10) The children should on no account go on their own.
............................................................................................
Exercise
1. _________ should children be allowed to drive.
A. A. no sooner
B. B. under no circumstances
2. _________ after months of planning were they ready for the conference.
A. A. rarely
B. B. only
3. _________ had I left than I heard them laughing.
A. A. no sooner
B. B. only when
4. Now _________ to escape and she jumped from the window.
A. A. was the time
B. B. the time was
5. Many a time _________ plan to divorce her husband, but she never did.
A. A. she did
B. B. did she
6. Only _________ can we start the party.
A. A. when Jane has arrived
B. B. when has Jane arrived
7. _________ who borrowed the money.
A. A. Max it was
B. B. It was Max
8. What _________ is simply not true.
A. A. are you saying
B. B. you are saying
9. No sooner ____ than I realised what was going on.
A. .A. had I arrived
B. B. I had arrived
10. Not until ...
A. A. had I got home, I remembered.
B. B. I had got home, I remembered.
C. I had got home, did I remember.
11. Just as _____ leaving, the phone rang.
A. A. I was
B. B. was I
12. Only by calling them every hour of the day _____ to get what I wanted.
A. A. did I manage
B. B. I managed
13. Since ____ known her, we've never argued.
A. A. I have
B. B. have I
14. Seldom _____ seen such a mess.
A. A. I have
B. B. have I
15. Only when ...
A. A. I phoned did I hear what had happened.
B. B. did I phone I heard what had happened.
C. C. I phoned I heard had what happened.
16. So ____ said, so little done.
A. A. was much
B. B. much was
17. So good ____ that he got the highest grade possible.
A. A. his marks were
B. B. were his marks
18. Never ____ heard such an appalling speech.
A. A. I have
B. B. have I
Exercise
1) Thank goodness ___ hurt in the train accident.
A. A. didn’t more people get
B. B. didn’t get more people
C. C. more didn’t get people
D. D. more people didn’t get
2) The study showed _____ for maternal and child health.
A. A. how is nutrition important
B. B. how important nutrition is
C. C. that how important nutrition is
D. D. that how nutrition is important
3) Only by working three jobs _____ able to support his large family.
A. A. he was
B. B. he is
C. C. he's being
D. D. was he
4) The boss didn’t know what to do, _____ the rest of us.
A. A. so did
B. B. either
C. C. neither
D. D. nor did
5) It was not until Andrew stopped smoking ____ healthy again.
A. A. did he feel
B. B. that he started to feel
C. C. then he felt
D. D. that he did feel
6) ___ you see Frank at the conference, give him my regards.
A. A. Should
B. B. Would
C. C. Might
D. D. Could
7) Strange ___ , he chose not to undergo surgery.
A. A. may it seem
B. B. as may it seem
C. C. was it that
D. D. as it may sound
8) Try ___ he could not save the drowning woman.
A. A. did he hard
B. B. as he might
C. C. as hard as
D. D. though he did
9) So ___ that she licked the plate clean.
A. A. being hungry
B. B. great her hunger
C. C. hungry was she
D. D. had she hunger
10) Effie disliked the film, ___.
A. A. as did Frank
B. B. and also disliked it Frank
C. C. nor Frank
D. D. so Frank did
11) ___ the medicine than she began to feel better.
A. A. Not until she swallowed
B. B. Hardly did she swallow
C. C. No sooner had she swallowed
D. D. Having swallowed
12) Only by speaking more ___ improve your fluency in English.
A. A. you are able to
B. B. is it possible to
C. C. does
D. D. will it
Causative Verbs
1.Have
Have merupakan kata kerja causative yang umum. Kata kerja ini berfungsi untuk menginginkan seseorang mengerjakan sesuatu untuk subjek. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :
Kalimat aktif : S + (have/ had + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + object. Kalimat pasif : S+(have-had)+object+action verb(V-3).
Contoh : •I had my brother take that glass (aktif)
•Mr. Setia had Lillie check the paper (aktif)
•I had my jacket cleaned yesterday (pasif)
•I had my computer fixed (pasif)
2.Get
Penggunaan kata kerja Get mirip dengan have namun dengan struktur kalimat yang berbeda. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :
Aktif : S + (get/ got) + agent + action verb (to infinitive) Pasif : S + (got) + object + action verb (V-3)
Contoh : •He got his father to buy a ball (aktif)
•I got my jacket cleaned (pasif)
3. Let
Kata kerja ini berfungsi untuk membiarkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :
Aktif : S + let + agent + action verb (bare infinitive)
Contoh :
•Wil you let me go now?
•She lets me drive her car
•My father lets me choose the gift
4. Make
Kata kerja ini berfungsi untuk memaksa atau sangat meyakinkan seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu. Rumus yang digunakan adalah sebagai berikut :
Aktif : S + (make/ made) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive)
Contoh :
•The manager makes her staff work hard
•My teacher made me apologize for what I had said
•Did she makes you wear that ugly hat?
5.HELP = Assist Someone In Doing Something
Grammatical structure:
- HELP + PERSON + VERB (base form)
- HELP + PERSON + TO + VERB
After “help,” you can use “to” or not – both ways are correct. In general, the form without “to” is more common:
- He helped me carry the boxes.
- He helped me to carry the boxes.
- Reading before bed helps me relax.
- Reading before bed helps me to relax.
Exercise
Q1 - I'm going ............ at the new hairdresser's
Q2 - She needs to ........
Q3 - I really must get ....... the central heating
Q4 - They ought to have ........ replace the broken windows
Q5 - He ......... while he was away on holiday
Q6 - I .......... my phone repaired after I dropped it
Q7 - She didn't have time to get to the shops and .......
Q8 - It took ages to get ...........
Q9 - I'll ....... John to do it when he arrives
Q10 - She ......... on the underground last week
Q11 - He .......... tickets sent to his home address yesterday
Q12 - You should .......... a long time ago
Q13 - They couldn't .......... anyone to fix their burst pipes
Q14 - They had it ....... by the same person who decorated their old house
Q15 - After winning a fortune, she ....... her family to do everything for her
Q16 - I ......... the house redecorated if I could afford it
Q17 - He got a friend ........ him at the airport
Q18 - The teacher ...... him do all the work again
Q19 - He ....... his bags loaded onto the train by a porter
Q20 - I had my car ......... a fortnight ago
Q21 - I'm going to have them ____ it
Questions and Answers
- 1.In the future, the company will not let its part-time and temporary employees_____ overtime.
- A.Working
- B.To work
- C.Worked
- D.Work
- 2.Despite 20 years of success, the financial stress and burden of the sudden recession made the partnership_____.
- A.Fail
- B.To be failed
- C.To fail
- D.Failed
- 3.The firm wants its product_____ safely and in a timely manner, otherwise it will seek an alternative shipper.
- A.Be packaged
- B.Packaging
- C.Packaged
- D.Package
- 4.All employees were able to get their paychecks_____ before the power outage closed the banks.
- A.Be deposited
- B.Deposited
- C.Deposits
- D.Depositing
- 5.The severe weather conditions in the alpine regions forced the airlines_____ all outgoing flights and divert incoming planes.
- A.Canceled
- B.To cancel
- C.Cancel
- D.Canceling
- 6.I received a text message from Takeshi yesterday, and it mentioned that they had the equipment_____ yesterday
- A.Shipped
- B.Was being shipped
- C.Ship
- D.Was shipped
- 7.Before Annie ran out for a meeting yesterday, she had Ms. Brunelli_____ the new clerk around the premises.
- A.Show
- B.Showing
- C.Was showed
- D.Showed
- 8.The increase in layoffs over the past two fiscal periods has caused everyone_____ less secure.
- A.Was felt
- B.Feels
- C.Felt
- D.To feel
- 9.What company besides ours would make its employees_____ overtime on a national holiday?
- A.Be working
- B.Worked
- C.Will be working
- D.Work
- 10.A wise consumer gets his or her phone order_____ in writing before submitting payment.
- A.Confirms
- B.Confirm
- C.Confirmed
- D.Confirming
made him promise
made him promised
promised to make
2. Does your tooth still hurt? Yes, I have to get a dentist ________ soon.
look at it
to look at it
to get it looked at
3. I ________ a couple of days ago.
had my bike to be fixed
had my bike fix
had my bike fixed
4. I will not ________ with this!
allow you get away
let you get away
to let you get away
5. Don't ________ these things about you!
let him say
let him to say
let him said
6. The movie ________ sad.
made to feel
made him feel
made him to feel
7. I ________ from my other address.
get my mail forward
get my mail to forward
get my mail forwarded
8. Have your assistant ________ these letters immediately!
to send
send
to be sent
9. He ________ yesterday.
had his hair cut
had his hair to be cut
had hair to be cut
10. The professor ________ early.
to let the students leave
let the student leave
let the student to leave
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